Cad é ciseal 2?
Is téarma comhchoiteann é Sraith 2 (L2) chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar shraith shonrach de réitigh scálaithe Ethereum. Is ar leith í sraith 2 a leathnaíonn Ethereum agus a oidhríonn na ráthaíochtaí slándála atá ag Ethereum.
Anois déanaimis tochailt isteach ann beagán níos mó. Chun seo a dhéanamh ní mór dúinn ciseal 1 (L1) a mhíniú ar dtús.
Cad é ciseal 1?
Layer 1 blockchains, such as Ethereum and Bitcoin, are the underlying foundation that layer 2 projects build on top of. Examples of layer 2 projects include zero-knowledge rollups and optimistic rollups on Ethereum and the Lighting Network on top of Bitcoin.
Ethereum also functions as a data availability layer for Layer 2s, and if there are any disputes on previous transactions data is provided from Ethereum for these disputes.
Áirítear le Ethereum mar chiseal 1:
- líonra oibreoirí nód chun an líonra a dhéanamh slán agus bhailíochtú
- líonra de tháirgeoirí bloc
- an blockchain é féin agus stair na sonraí idirbhirt
- the consensus mechanism for the network
Cén fáth a bhfuil ciseal 2 de dhíth orainn?
The three desirable properties of a blockchain are that it is decentralized, secure, and scalable. The blockchain trilemma states that a simple blockchain architecture can only achieve two out of three. Want a secure and decentralized blockchain? You need to sacrifice scalability. This is where layer 2 networks come in.
Ethereum has reached the network's current capacity with 1+ million transactions per day, with high demand for each of these transactions. The success of Ethereum and the demand to use it has caused gas prices to rise substantially. Therefore the need for scaling solutions has peaked as well.
Inscálaitheacht
The main goal of scalability is to increase transaction speed (faster finality), and transaction throughput (high transactions per second), without sacrificing decentralization or security (more on the Ethereum vision).
The Ethereum community has taken a strong stance that it would not throw out decentralization or security in order to scale. Until sharding, Ethereum Mainnet (layer 1) will only be able to process roughly 15 transactions per second. When demand to use Ethereum is high this causes network congestion, increasing transaction fees, and pricing out those who cannot afford it from using Ethereum until the fees reduce. That is where layer 2 comes in to scale Ethereum today.
Táillí níos ísle
By combining multiple transactions into a single transaction on layer 1, transaction fees are massively reduced, making Ethereum more accessible for all.
Slándáil a chothabháil
Layer 2 blockchains settle their transactions on the Ethereum Mainnet, allowing users who use them to benefit from the security of the Ethereum network.
Cásanna úsáide a leathnú
Le hidirbhearta níos airde in aghaidh an tsoicind, táillí níos ísle, agus teicneolaíocht nua, leathnófar tionscadail ina bhfeidhmchláir nua le taithí úsáideora feabhsaithe.
Conas a oibríonn ciseal 2?
Mar a luadh thuas, is téarma comhchoiteann é ciseal 2 le haghaidh réitigh scálaithe Ethereum a láimhseálann idirbhearta as ciseal Ethereum 1 agus iad fós ag baint leasa as slándáil dhíláraithe láidir Ethereum ciseal 1.Is blocchain ar leith é ciseal 2 a leathnaíonn Ethereum. Conas a oibríonn sé sin?
Tá cineálacha éagsúla ciseal 2 ann, agus tá a gcuid samhlacha comhbhabhtála agus slándála féin ag gach ceann acu. Tógann ciseal 2s an t-ualach idirbheartaíochta ar shiúl ó chiseal 1, rud a ligeann dó éirí níos lú plódaithe, agus éiríonn gach rud níos inscálaithe.
Rollups
Rollups bundle (or 'roll up') hundreds of transactions into a single transaction on layer 1. This distributes the L1 transaction fees across everyone in the rollup, making it cheaper for each user.
Cuirtear na sonraí idirbhirt sa rolladh isteach chuig ciseal 1, ach déanann an rolladh é a fhorghníomhú ar leithligh. Trí shonraí idirbhirt a chur isteach i gciseal 1, faigheann rolladh suas slándáil Ethereum mar oidhreacht. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar a luaithe a uaslódáiltear na sonraí go ciseal 1, is gá Ethereum a thabhairt ar ais le hidirbheart rolladh suas. Tá dhá chur chuige éagsúla ann maidir le rolladh suas: dóchasach agus eolas nialasach - tá difríocht mhór acu maidir leis an gcaoi a gcuirtear na sonraí idirbhirt seo isteach chuig L1.
Rollaí Optamacha
Optimistic rollups use fault proofs where transactions are assumed to be valid, but can be challenged if an invalid transaction is suspected. If an invalid transaction is suspected, a fault proof is ran to see if this has taken place.
Tuilleadh faoi rolladh suas dóchasach
Zero knowledge rollups
Zero Knowledge rollups use validity proofs where transactions calculations are computed offchain, and then this data is then supplied to Ethereum Mainnet with a proof of their validity.
More on zk-rollupsDo your own research: Risks of layer 2
Because layer 2 chains inherit security from Ethereum, in an ideal world, they are as safe as L1 Ethereum. However, many of the projects are still young and somewhat experimental. After years of R&D, many of the L2 technologies that will scale Ethereum went live in 2021. This is not to say these L2s are not secure, only that no layer 2 is as battle tested as Ethereum Mainnet. Always do your own research and decide if you're comfortable with any risks involved.
For more information on the technology, risks and trust assumptions of layer 2s, we recommend checking out L2BEAT, which provides a comprehensive risk assessment framework of each project.
A note on alt L1s, sidechains, and validiums
Alternative layer 1s have higher throughput and lower transaction fees than Ethereum. These alt L1s have had to sacrifice on security or decentralization in order to achieve higher transactions per second and lower fees. The Ethereum ecosystem is firmly aligned that layer 2 scaling is the only way to solve the scalability trilemma and remain decentralized and secure
Sidechains and validiums are blockchains that allow assets from one blockchain to be bridged over and used on another blockchain. Sidechains and validiums run in parallel with the main chain, and interact with the main chain through bridges, but they do not derive their security or data availability from the main chain. They scale similarly to layer 2s, but have different trust assumptions. They offer lower transaction fees, and higher transaction throughput. More on sidechains and validiums.