以太坊虛擬機的作業碼
c
最後編輯: @comme.le.gnu(opens in a new tab), 2024年7月3日
概觀
本文是以太坊虛擬機參考頁面的更新版本，網址為：wolflo/evm-opcodes(opens in a new tab)。 同樣取自黃皮書(opens in a new tab)、Jello Paper(opens in a new tab) 和 geth(opens in a new tab) 實作。 本文意圖成为方便參考的頁面，但並非特別嚴謹。 若你想確定正確性並了解每種邊界案例（指僅在極端工作參數下才會發生的問題或情況），建議使用 Jello Paper 或用戶端實作。
正在尋找互動式參考資料？ 請瀏覽 evm.codes(opens in a new tab)
關於燃料費用為動態的操作，請查看 gas.md(opens in a new tab)。
💡 快速提示：要檢視整行，可以用 [shift] + 滑鼠滾輪在桌面上水平滾動。
| 堆疊 | 名稱 | 燃料 | 初始堆疊 | 最終堆疊 | 記憶體/儲存空間 | 注釋 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 00 | STOP | 0 | halt execution | |||
| 01 | ADD | 3 | a, b | a + b | (u)int256 addition modulo 2**256 | |
| 02 | MUL | 5 | a, b | a * b | (u)int256 multiplication modulo 2**256 | |
| 03 | SUB | 3 | a, b | a - b | (u)int256 addition modulo 2**256 | |
| 04 | DIV | 5 | a, b | a // b | uint256 division | |
| 05 | SDIV | 5 | a, b | a // b | int256 division | |
| 06 | MOD | 5 | a, b | a % b | uint256 modulus | |
| 07 | SMOD | 5 | a, b | a % b | int256 modulus | |
| 08 | ADDMOD | 8 | a, b, N | (a + b) % N | (u)int256 addition modulo N | |
| 09 | MULMOD | 8 | a, b, N | (a * b) % N | (u)int256 multiplication modulo N | |
| 0A | EXP | A1(opens in a new tab) | a, b | a ** b | uint256 exponentiation modulo 2**256 | |
| 0B | SIGNEXTEND | 5 | b, x | SIGNEXTEND(x, b) | sign extend(opens in a new tab) x from (b+1) bytes to 32 bytes | |
| 0C-0F | invalid | |||||
| 10 | LT | 3 | a, b | a < b | uint256 less-than | |
| 11 | GT | 3 | a, b | a > b | uint256 greater-than | |
| 12 | SLT | 3 | a, b | a < b | int256 less-than | |
| 13 | SGT | 3 | a, b | a > b | int256 greater-than | |
| 14 | EQ | 3 | a, b | a == b | (u)int256 equality | |
| 15 | ISZERO | 3 | a | a == 0 | (u)int256 iszero | |
| 16 | AND | 3 | a, b | a && b | bitwise AND | |
| 17 | OR | 3 | a, b | a \|\| b | bitwise OR | |
| 18 | XOR | 3 | a, b | a ^ b | bitwise XOR | |
| 19 | NOT | 3 | a | ~a | bitwise NOT | |
| 1A | BYTE | 3 | i, x | (x >> (248 - i * 8)) && 0xFF | ith byte of (u)int256 x, from the left | |
| 1B | SHL | 3 | shift, val | val << shift | shift left | |
| 1C | SHR | 3 | shift, val | val >> shift | logical shift right | |
| 1D | SAR | 3 | shift, val | val >> shift | arithmetic shift right | |
| 1E-1F | invalid | |||||
| 20 | KECCAK256 | A2(opens in a new tab) | ost, len | keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1]) | keccak256 | |
| 21-2F | invalid | |||||
| 30 | ADDRESS | 2 | 。 | address(this) | address of executing contract | |
| 31 | BALANCE | A5(opens in a new tab) | addr | addr.balance | balance, in wei | |
| 32 | ORIGIN | 2 | 。 | tx.origin | address that originated the tx | |
| 33 | CALLER | 2 | 。 | msg.sender | address of msg sender | |
| 34 | CALLVALUE | 2 | 。 | msg.value | msg value, in wei | |
| 35 | CALLDATALOAD | 3 | idx | msg.data[idx:idx+32] | read word from msg data at index idx | |
| 36 | CALLDATASIZE | 2 | 。 | len(msg.data) | length of msg data, in bytes | |
| 37 | CALLDATACOPY | A3(opens in a new tab) | dstOst, ost, len | 。 | mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := msg.data[ost:ost+len-1] | copy msg data |
| 38 | CODESIZE | 2 | 。 | len(this.code) | length of executing contract's code, in bytes | |
| 39 | CODECOPY | A3(opens in a new tab) | dstOst, ost, len | 。 | mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := this.code[ost:ost+len-1] | |
| 3A | GASPRICE | 2 | 。 | tx.gasprice | gas price of tx, in wei per unit gas **(opens in a new tab) | |
| 3B | EXTCODESIZE | A5(opens in a new tab) | addr | len(addr.code) | size of code at addr, in bytes | |
| 3C | EXTCODECOPY | A4(opens in a new tab) | addr, dstOst, ost, len | 。 | mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := addr.code[ost:ost+len-1] | copy code from addr |
| 3D | RETURNDATASIZE | 2 | 。 | size | size of returned data from last external call, in bytes | |
| 3E | RETURNDATACOPY | A3(opens in a new tab) | dstOst, ost, len | 。 | mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := returndata[ost:ost+len-1] | copy returned data from last external call |
| 3F | EXTCODEHASH | A5(opens in a new tab) | addr | hash | hash = addr.exists ? keccak256(addr.code) : 0 | |
| 40 | BLOCKHASH | 20 | blockNum | blockHash(blockNum) | ||
| 41 | COINBASE | 2 | 。 | block.coinbase | 目前區塊提交者的地址 | |
| 42 | TIMESTAMP | 2 | 。 | block.timestamp | timestamp of current block | |
| 43 | NUMBER | 2 | 。 | block.number | number of current block | |
| 44 | PREVRANDAO | 2 | 。 | randomness beacon | randomness beacon | |
| 45 | GASLIMIT | 2 | 。 | block.gaslimit | gas limit of current block | |
| 46 | CHAINID | 2 | 。 | chain_id | push current chain id(opens in a new tab) onto stack | |
| 47 | SELFBALANCE | 5 | 。 | address(this).balance | balance of executing contract, in wei | |
| 48 | BASEFEE | 2 | 。 | block.basefee | base fee of current block | |
| 49 | BLOBHASH | 3 | idx | tx.blob_versioned_hashes[idx] | EIP-4844(opens in a new tab) | |
| 4A | BLOBBASEFEE | 2 | 。 | block.blobbasefee | 当前区块的二進位大型物件基本费用 (EIP-7516(opens in a new tab)) | |
| 4B-4F | invalid | |||||
| 50 | POP | 2 | _anon | 。 | remove item from top of stack and discard it | |
| 51 | MLOAD | 3*(opens in a new tab) | ost | mem[ost:ost+32] | read word from memory at offset ost | |
| 52 | MSTORE | 3*(opens in a new tab) | ost, val | 。 | mem[ost:ost+32] := val | write a word to memory |
| 53 | MSTORE8 | 3*(opens in a new tab) | ost, val | 。 | mem[ost] := val && 0xFF | write a single byte to memory |
| 54 | SLOAD | A6(opens in a new tab) | key | storage[key] | read word from storage | |
| 55 | SSTORE | A7(opens in a new tab) | key, val | 。 | storage[key] := val | write word to storage |
| 56 | JUMP | 8 | dst | 。 | $pc := dst mark that pc is only assigned if dst is a valid jumpdest | |
| 57 | JUMPI | 10 | dst, condition | 。 | $pc := condition ? dst : $pc + 1 | |
| 58 | PC | 2 | 。 | $pc | program counter | |
| 59 | MSIZE | 2 | 。 | len(mem) | size of memory in current execution context, in bytes | |
| 5A | GAS | 2 | 。 | gasRemaining | ||
| 5B | JUMPDEST | 1 | mark valid jump destination | a valid jump destination for example a jump destination not inside the push data | ||
| 5C | TLOAD | 100 | key | tstorage[key] | 從暫存中讀取字詞 (EIP-1153(opens in a new tab)) | |
| 5D | TSTORE | 100 | key, val | 。 | tstorage[key] := val | 將字詞寫入暫存 (EIP-1153(opens in a new tab)) |
| 5E | MCOPY | 3+3*字詞數+A0(opens in a new tab) | dstOst, ost, len | 。 | mem[dstOst] := mem[ost:ost+len] | 從一個區域複製記憶體到另一個區域 (EIP-5656(opens in a new tab)) |
| 5E | PUSH0 | 2 | 。 | uint8 | 將常數值 0 推至堆疊上 | |
| 60 | PUSH1 | 3 | 。 | uint8 | push 1-byte value onto stack | |
| 61 | PUSH2 | 3 | 。 | uint16 | push 2-byte value onto stack | |
| 62 | PUSH3 | 3 | 。 | uint24 | push 3-byte value onto stack | |
| 63 | PUSH4 | 3 | 。 | uint32 | push 4-byte value onto stack | |
| 64 | PUSH5 | 3 | 。 | uint40 | push 5-byte value onto stack | |
| 65 | PUSH6 | 3 | 。 | uint48 | push 6-byte value onto stack | |
| 66 | PUSH7 | 3 | 。 | uint56 | push 7-byte value onto stack | |
| 67 | PUSH8 | 3 | 。 | uint64 | push 8-byte value onto stack | |
| 68 | PUSH9 | 3 | 。 | uint72 | push 9-byte value onto stack | |
| 69 | PUSH10 | 3 | 。 | uint80 | push 10-byte value onto stack | |
| 6A | PUSH11 | 3 | 。 | uint88 | push 11-byte value onto stack | |
| 6B | PUSH12 | 3 | 。 | uint96 | push 12-byte value onto stack | |
| 6C | PUSH13 | 3 | 。 | uint104 | push 13-byte value onto stack | |
| 6D | PUSH14 | 3 | 。 | uint112 | push 14-byte value onto stack | |
| 6E | PUSH15 | 3 | 。 | uint120 | push 15-byte value onto stack | |
| 6F | PUSH16 | 3 | 。 | uint128 | push 16-byte value onto stack | |
| 70 | PUSH17 | 3 | 。 | uint136 | push 17-byte value onto stack | |
| 71 | PUSH18 | 3 | 。 | uint144 | push 18-byte value onto stack | |
| 72 | PUSH19 | 3 | 。 | uint152 | push 19-byte value onto stack | |
| 73 | PUSH20 | 3 | 。 | uint160 | push 20-byte value onto stack | |
| 74 | PUSH21 | 3 | 。 | uint168 | push 21-byte value onto stack | |
| 75 | PUSH22 | 3 | 。 | uint176 | push 22-byte value onto stack | |
| 76 | PUSH23 | 3 | 。 | uint184 | push 23-byte value onto stack | |
| 77 | PUSH24 | 3 | 。 | uint192 | push 24-byte value onto stack | |
| 78 | PUSH25 | 3 | 。 | uint200 | push 25-byte value onto stack | |
| 79 | PUSH26 | 3 | 。 | uint208 | push 26-byte value onto stack | |
| 7A | PUSH27 | 3 | 。 | uint216 | push 27-byte value onto stack | |
| 7B | PUSH28 | 3 | 。 | uint224 | push 28-byte value onto stack | |
| 7C | PUSH29 | 3 | 。 | uint232 | push 29-byte value onto stack | |
| 7D | PUSH30 | 3 | 。 | uint240 | push 30-byte value onto stack | |
| 7E | PUSH31 | 3 | 。 | uint248 | push 31-byte value onto stack | |
| 7F | PUSH32 | 3 | 。 | uint256 | push 32-byte value onto stack | |
| 80 | DUP1 | 3 | a | a, a | clone 1st value on stack | |
| 81 | DUP2 | 3 | _, a | a, _, a | clone 2nd value on stack | |
| 82 | DUP3 | 3 | _, _, a | a, _, _, a | clone 3rd value on stack | |
| 83 | DUP4 | 3 | _, _, _, a | a, _, _, _, a | clone 4th value on stack | |
| 84 | DUP5 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 5th value on stack | |
| 85 | DUP6 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 6th value on stack | |
| 86 | DUP7 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 7th value on stack | |
| 87 | DUP8 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 8th value on stack | |
| 88 | DUP9 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 9th value on stack | |
| 89 | DUP10 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 10th value on stack | |
| 8A | DUP11 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 11th value on stack | |
| 8B | DUP12 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 12th value on stack | |
| 8C | DUP13 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 13th value on stack | |
| 8D | DUP14 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 14th value on stack | |
| 8E | DUP15 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 15th value on stack | |
| 8F | DUP16 | 3 | ..., a | a, ..., a | clone 16th value on stack | |
| 90 | SWAP1 | 3 | a, b | b, a | ||
| 91 | SWAP2 | 3 | a, _, b | b, _, a | ||
| 92 | SWAP3 | 3 | a, _, _, b | b, _, _, a | ||
| 93 | SWAP4 | 3 | a, _, _, _, b | b, _, _, _, a | ||
| 94 | SWAP5 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 95 | SWAP6 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 96 | SWAP7 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 97 | SWAP8 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 98 | SWAP9 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 99 | SWAP10 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 9A | SWAP11 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 9B | SWAP12 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 9C | SWAP13 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 9D | SWAP14 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 9E | SWAP15 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| 9F | SWAP16 | 3 | a, ..., b | b, ..., a | ||
| A0 | LOG0 | A8(opens in a new tab) | ost, len | 。 | LOG0(memory[ost:ost+len-1]) | |
| A1 | LOG1 | A8(opens in a new tab) | ost, len, topic0 | 。 | LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0) | |
| A2 | LOG2 | A8(opens in a new tab) | ost, len, topic0, topic1 | 。 | LOG2(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1) | |
| A3 | LOG3 | A8(opens in a new tab) | ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2 | 。 | LOG3(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2) | |
| A4 | LOG4 | A8(opens in a new tab) | ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3 | 。 | LOG4(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3) | |
| A5-EF | invalid | |||||
| F0 | CREATE | A9(opens in a new tab) | val, ost, len | addr | addr = keccak256(rlp([address(this), this.nonce])) | |
| F1 | CALL | AA(opens in a new tab) | gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen | success | mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata | |
| F2 | CALLCODE | AA(opens in a new tab) | gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen | success | mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] = returndata | same as DELEGATECALL, but does not propagate original msg.sender and msg.value |
| F3 | RETURN | 0*(opens in a new tab) | ost, len | 。 | return mem[ost:ost+len-1] | |
| F4 | DELEGATECALL | AA(opens in a new tab) | gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen | success | mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata | |
| F5 | CREATE2 | A9(opens in a new tab) | val, ost, len, salt | addr | addr = keccak256(0xff ++ address(this) ++ salt ++ keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1]))[12:] | |
| F6-F9 | invalid | |||||
| FA | STATICCALL | AA(opens in a new tab) | gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen | success | mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata | |
| FB-FC | invalid | |||||
| FD | REVERT | 0*(opens in a new tab) | ost, len | 。 | revert(mem[ost:ost+len-1]) | |
| FE | INVALID | AF(opens in a new tab) | designated invalid opcode - EIP-141(opens in a new tab) | |||
| FF | SELFDESTRUCT | AB(opens in a new tab) | addr | 。 | 傳送所有以太幣到 addr；如果在建立合約的相同交易中執行，則會銷毀合約 |