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以太坊虚拟机的操作码

页面最后更新： 2025年9月11日

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概述

本文是位于 wolflo/evm-opcodesopens in a new tab 的以太坊虚拟机参考页面的更新版本。本文亦节选自黄皮书opens in a new tab、Jello Paperopens in a new tab及 gethopens in a new tab 实现。本文旨在作为一份易于理解的参考资料，但并不十分严谨。如果想确保正确性并了解每种边缘情况，建议使用 Jello Paper 或客户端实现。

在寻找交互式参考？请查看 evm.codesopens in a new tab。

对于具有动态燃料成本的操作，请参考 gas.mdopens in a new tab。

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堆栈	名称	燃料	起始堆栈	最终堆栈	内存 / 存储	注释
00	停止	0				halt execution
01	ADD	3	`a, b`	`a + b`		(u)int256 addition modulo 2**256
02	MUL	5	`a, b`	`a * b`		(u)int256 multiplication modulo 2**256
03	SUB	3	`a, b`	`a - b`		(u)int256 addition modulo 2**256
04	DIV	5	`a, b`	`a // b`		uint256 division
05	SDIV	5	`a, b`	`a // b`		int256 division
06	MOD	5	`a, b`	`a % b`		uint256 modulus
07	SMOD	5	`a, b`	`a % b`		int256 modulus
08	ADDMOD	8	`a, b, N`	`(a + b) % N`		(u)int256 addition modulo N
09	MULMOD	8	`a, b, N`	`(a * b) % N`		(u)int256 multiplication modulo N
0A	EXP	A1opens in a new tab	`a, b`	`a ** b`		uint256 exponentiation modulo 2**256
0B	SIGNEXTEND	5	`b, x`	`SIGNEXTEND(x, b)`		sign extendopens in a new tab `x` from `(b+1)` bytes to 32 bytes
0C-0F	invalid
10	LT	3	`a, b`	`a < b`		uint256 less-than
11	GT	3	`a, b`	`a > b`		uint256 greater-than
12	SLT	3	`a, b`	`a < b`		int256 less-than
13	SGT	3	`a, b`	`a > b`		int256 greater-than
14	EQ	3	`a, b`	`a == b`		(u)int256 equality
15	ISZERO	3	`a`	`a == 0`		(u)int256 iszero
16	AND	3	`a, b`	`a && b`		bitwise AND
17	OR	3	`a, b`	`a \|\| b`		bitwise OR
18	XOR	3	`a, b`	`a ^ b`		bitwise XOR
19	NOT	3	`a`	`~a`		bitwise NOT
1A	BYTE	3	`i, x`	`(x >> (248 - i * 8)) && 0xFF`		`i`th byte of (u)int256 `x`, from the left
1B	SHL	3	`shift, val`	`val << shift`		shift left
1C	SHR	3	`shift, val`	`val >> shift`		logical shift right
1D	SAR	3	`shift, val`	`val >> shift`		arithmetic shift right
1E-1F	invalid
20	KECCAK256	A2opens in a new tab	`ost, len`	`keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1])`		keccak256
21-2F	invalid
30	ADDRESS	2	`.`	`address(this)`		address of executing contract
31	BALANCE	A5opens in a new tab	`addr`	`addr.balance`		balance, in wei
32	ORIGIN	2	`.`	`tx.origin`		address that originated the tx
33	CALLER	2	`.`	`msg.sender`		address of msg sender
34	CALLVALUE	2	`.`	`msg.value`		msg value, in wei
35	CALLDATALOAD	3	`idx`	`msg.data[idx:idx+32]`		read word from msg data at index `idx`
36	CALLDATASIZE	2	`.`	`len(msg.data)`		length of msg data, in bytes
37	CALLDATACOPY	A3opens in a new tab	`dstOst, ost, len`	`.`	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := msg.data[ost:ost+len-1]	copy msg data
38	CODESIZE	2	`.`	`len(this.code)`		length of executing contract's code, in bytes
39	CODECOPY	A3opens in a new tab	`dstOst, ost, len`	`.`		mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := this.code[ost:ost+len-1]
3A	GASPRICE	2	`.`	`tx.gasprice`		gas price of tx, in wei per unit gas **opens in a new tab
3B	EXTCODESIZE	A5opens in a new tab	`addr`	`len(addr.code)`		size of code at addr, in bytes
3C	EXTCODECOPY	A4opens in a new tab	`addr, dstOst, ost, len`	`.`	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := addr.code[ost:ost+len-1]	copy code from `addr`
3D	RETURNDATASIZE	2	`.`	`size`		size of returned data from last external call, in bytes
3E	RETURNDATACOPY	A3opens in a new tab	`dstOst, ost, len`	`.`	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := returndata[ost:ost+len-1]	copy returned data from last external call
3F	EXTCODEHASH	A5opens in a new tab	`addr`	`哈希值`		hash = addr.exists ? keccak256(addr.code) : 0
40	BLOCKHASH	20	`blockNum`	`blockHash(blockNum)`
41	COINBASE	2	`.`	`block.coinbase`		当前区块提议者地址
42	TIMESTAMP	2	`.`	`block.timestamp`		timestamp of current block
43	NUMBER	2	`.`	`block.number`		number of current block
44	PREVRANDAO	2	`.`	`randomness beacon`		randomness beacon
45	GASLIMIT	2	`.`	`block.gaslimit`		gas limit of current block
46	CHAINID	2	`.`	`chain_id`		push current chain idopens in a new tab onto stack
47	SELFBALANCE	5	`.`	`address(this).balance`		balance of executing contract, in wei
48	BASEFEE	2	`.`	`block.basefee`		base fee of current block
49	BLOBHASH	3	`idx`	`tx.blob_versioned_hashes[idx]`		EIP-4844opens in a new tab
4A	BLOBBASEFEE	2	`.`	`block.blobbasefee`		当前区块的二进制大对象基础费（EIP-7516opens in a new tab）
4B-4F	invalid
50	POP	2	`_anon`	`.`		remove item from top of stack and discard it
51	MLOAD	3*opens in a new tab	`ost`	`mem[ost:ost+32]`		read word from memory at offset `ost`
52	MSTORE	3*opens in a new tab	`ost, val`	`.`	mem[ost:ost+32] := val	write a word to memory
53	MSTORE8	3*opens in a new tab	`ost, val`	`.`	mem[ost] := val && 0xFF	write a single byte to memory
54	SLOAD	A6opens in a new tab	`key`	`storage[key]`		read word from storage
55	SSTORE	A7opens in a new tab	`key, val`	`.`	storage[key] := val	write word to storage
56	JUMP	8	`dst`	`.`		`$pc := dst` mark that `pc` is only assigned if `dst` is a valid jumpdest
57	JUMPI	10	`dst, condition`	`.`		`$pc := condition ? dst : $pc + 1`
58	PC	2	`.`	`$pc`		program counter
59	MSIZE	2	`.`	`len(mem)`		size of memory in current execution context, in bytes
5A	GAS	2	`.`	`gasRemaining`
5B	JUMPDEST	1			mark valid jump destination	a valid jump destination for example a jump destination not inside the push data
5C	TLOAD	100	`key`	`tstorage[key]`		从瞬态存储中读取字 (EIP-1153opens in a new tab)
5D	TSTORE	100	`key, val`	`.`	tstorage[key] := val	向瞬态存储中写入字 (EIP-1153opens in a new tab)
5E	MCOPY	3+3*字+A0opens in a new tab	`dstOst, ost, len`	`.`	mem[dstOst] := mem[ost:ost+len]	将内存从一个区域复制到另一个区域 (EIP-5656opens in a new tab)
5F	PUSH0	2	`.`	`uint8`		push the constant value 0 onto stack
60	PUSH1	3	`.`	`uint8`		push 1-byte value onto stack
61	PUSH2	3	`.`	`uint16`		push 2-byte value onto stack
62	PUSH3	3	`.`	`uint24`		push 3-byte value onto stack
63	PUSH4	3	`.`	`uint32`		push 4-byte value onto stack
64	PUSH5	3	`.`	`uint40`		push 5-byte value onto stack
65	PUSH6	3	`.`	`uint48`		push 6-byte value onto stack
66	PUSH7	3	`.`	`uint56`		push 7-byte value onto stack
67	PUSH8	3	`.`	`uint64`		push 8-byte value onto stack
68	PUSH9	3	`.`	`uint72`		push 9-byte value onto stack
69	PUSH10	3	`.`	`uint80`		push 10-byte value onto stack
6A	PUSH11	3	`.`	`uint88`		push 11-byte value onto stack
6B	PUSH12	3	`.`	`uint96`		push 12-byte value onto stack
6C	PUSH13	3	`.`	`uint104`		push 13-byte value onto stack
6D	PUSH14	3	`.`	`uint112`		push 14-byte value onto stack
6E	PUSH15	3	`.`	`uint120`		push 15-byte value onto stack
6F	PUSH16	3	`.`	`uint128`		push 16-byte value onto stack
70	PUSH17	3	`.`	`uint136`		push 17-byte value onto stack
71	PUSH18	3	`.`	`uint144`		push 18-byte value onto stack
72	PUSH19	3	`.`	`uint152`		push 19-byte value onto stack
73	PUSH20	3	`.`	`uint160`		push 20-byte value onto stack
74	PUSH21	3	`.`	`uint168`		push 21-byte value onto stack
75	PUSH22	3	`.`	`uint176`		push 22-byte value onto stack
76	PUSH23	3	`.`	`uint184`		push 23-byte value onto stack
77	PUSH24	3	`.`	`uint192`		push 24-byte value onto stack
78	PUSH25	3	`.`	`uint200`		push 25-byte value onto stack
79	PUSH26	3	`.`	`uint208`		push 26-byte value onto stack
7A	PUSH27	3	`.`	`uint216`		push 27-byte value onto stack
7B	PUSH28	3	`.`	`uint224`		push 28-byte value onto stack
7C	PUSH29	3	`.`	`uint232`		push 29-byte value onto stack
7D	PUSH30	3	`.`	`uint240`		push 30-byte value onto stack
7E	PUSH31	3	`.`	`uint248`		push 31-byte value onto stack
7F	PUSH32	3	`.`	`uint256`		push 32-byte value onto stack
80	DUP1	3	`a`	`a, a`		clone 1st value on stack
81	DUP2	3	`_, a`	`a, _, a`		clone 2nd value on stack
82	DUP3	3	`_, _, a`	`a, _, _, a`		clone 3rd value on stack
83	DUP4	3	`_, _, _, a`	`a, _, _, _, a`		clone 4th value on stack
84	DUP5	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 5th value on stack
85	DUP6	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 6th value on stack
86	DUP7	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 7th value on stack
87	DUP8	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 8th value on stack
88	DUP9	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 9th value on stack
89	DUP10	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 10th value on stack
8A	DUP11	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 11th value on stack
8B	DUP12	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 12th value on stack
8C	DUP13	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 13th value on stack
8D	DUP14	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 14th value on stack
8E	DUP15	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 15th value on stack
8F	DUP16	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 16th value on stack
90	SWAP1	3	`a, b`	`b, a`
91	SWAP2	3	`a, _, b`	`b, _, a`
92	SWAP3	3	`a, _, _, b`	`b, _, _, a`
93	SWAP4	3	`a, _, _, _, b`	`b, _, _, _, a`
94	SWAP5	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
95	SWAP6	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
96	SWAP7	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
97	SWAP8	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
98	SWAP9	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
99	SWAP10	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9A	SWAP11	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9B	SWAP12	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9C	SWAP13	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9D	SWAP14	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9E	SWAP15	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9F	SWAP16	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
A0	LOG0	A8opens in a new tab	`ost, len`	`.`		LOG0(memory[ost:ost+len-1])
A1	LOG1	A8opens in a new tab	`ost, len, topic0`	`.`		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0)
A2	LOG2	A8opens in a new tab	`ost, len, topic0, topic1`	`.`		LOG2(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1)
A3	LOG3	A8opens in a new tab	`ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2`	`.`		LOG3(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2)
A4	LOG4	A8opens in a new tab	`ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3`	`.`		LOG4(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3)
A5-EF	invalid
F0	CREATE	A9opens in a new tab	`val, ost, len`	`addr`		addr = keccak256(rlp([address(this), this.nonce]))
F1	CALL	AAopens in a new tab	`gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`	`success`	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
F2	CALLCODE	AAopens in a new tab	`gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`	`success`	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] = returndata	same as DELEGATECALL, but does not propagate original msg.sender and msg.value
F3	返回	0*opens in a new tab	`ost, len`	`.`		return mem[ost:ost+len-1]
F4	DELEGATECALL	AAopens in a new tab	`gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`	`success`	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
F5	CREATE2	A9opens in a new tab	`val, ost, len, salt`	`addr`		addr = keccak256(0xff ++ address(this) ++ salt ++ keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1]))[12:]
F6-F9	invalid
FA	STATICCALL	AAopens in a new tab	`gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`	`success`	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
FB-FC	invalid
FD	撤销	0*opens in a new tab	`ost, len`	`.`		revert(mem[ost:ost+len-1])
FE	INVALID	AFopens in a new tab			designated invalid opcode - EIP-141opens in a new tab
FF	SELFDESTRUCT	ABopens in a new tab	`addr`	`.`		将所有以太币发送到 `addr`；如果在创建合约的同一交易中执行，它会销毁该合约

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