针对初学者的 Hello World 智能合约指南 - 全栈

1{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 0, "result": "0x2B5E3AF16B1880000" }
 复制

1mkdir hello-world
2cd hello-world

1package name: (hello-world)
2version: (1.0.0)
3description: hello world smart contract
4entry point: (index.js)
5test command:
6git repository:
7keywords:
8author:
9license: (ISC)
10
11About to write to /Users/.../.../.../hello-world/package.json:
12
13{
14   "name": "hello-world",
15   "version": "1.0.0",
16   "description": "hello world smart contract",
17   "main": "index.js",
18   "scripts": {
19      "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
20   },
21   "author": "",
22   "license": "ISC"
23}
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1npm install --save-dev hardhat

1npx hardhat

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48888888888  8888b.  888d888 .d88888 88888b.   8888b.  888888
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7888    888 888  888 888    Y88b 888 888  888 888  888 Y88b.
8888    888 "Y888888 888     "Y88888 888  888 "Y888888  "Y888
9
10👷 Welcome to Hardhat v2.0.11 👷‍
11
12What do you want to do? …
13Create a sample project
14❯ Create an empty hardhat.config.js
15Quit
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1mkdir contracts
2mkdir scripts

1// Specifies the version of Solidity, using semantic versioning.
2// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/layout-of-source-files.html#pragma
3pragma solidity >=0.7.3;
4
5// Defines a contract named `HelloWorld`.
6// 一个合约是函数和数据（其状态）的集合。 Once deployed, a contract resides at a specific address on the Ethereum blockchain. Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/structure-of-a-contract.html
7contract HelloWorld {
8
9   //Emitted when update function is called
10   //Smart contract events are a way for your contract to communicate that something happened on the blockchain to your app front-end, which can be 'listening' for certain events and take action when they happen.
11   event UpdatedMessages(string oldStr, string newStr);
12
13   // Declares a state variable `message` of type `string`.
14   // 状态变量是其值永久存储在合约存储中的变量。 The keyword `public` makes variables accessible from outside a contract and creates a function that other contracts or clients can call to access the value.
15   string public message;
16
17   // Similar to many class-based object-oriented languages, a constructor is a special function that is only executed upon contract creation.
18   // 构造器用于初始化合约的数据。 Learn more:https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/contracts.html#constructors
19   constructor(string memory initMessage) {
20
21      // Accepts a string argument `initMessage` and sets the value into the contract's `message` storage variable).
22      message = initMessage;
23   }
24
25   // A public function that accepts a string argument and updates the `message` storage variable.
26   function update(string memory newMessage) public {
27      string memory oldMsg = message;
28      message = newMessage;
29      emit UpdatedMessages(oldMsg, newMessage);
30   }
31}
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1npm install dotenv --save

1API_URL = "https://eth-goerli.alchemyapi.io/v2/your-api-key"
2PRIVATE_KEY = "your-metamask-private-key"

npm install --save-dev @nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers "ethers@^5.0.0"

1/**
2 * @type import('hardhat/config').HardhatUserConfig
3 */
4
5require("dotenv").config()
6require("@nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers")
7
8const { API_URL, PRIVATE_KEY } = process.env
9
10module.exports = {
11  solidity: "0.7.3",
12  defaultNetwork: "goerli",
13  networks: {
14    hardhat: {},
15    goerli: {
16      url: API_URL,
17      accounts: [`0x${PRIVATE_KEY}`],
18    },
19  },
20}
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npx hardhat compile

1async function main() {
2  const HelloWorld = await ethers.getContractFactory("HelloWorld")
3
4  // Start deployment, returning a promise that resolves to a contract object
5  const hello_world = await HelloWorld.deploy("Hello World!")
6  console.log("Contract deployed to address:", hello_world.address)
7}
8
9main()
10  .then(() => process.exit(0))
11  .catch((error) => {
12    console.error(error)
13    process.exit(1)
14  })
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1const HelloWorld = await ethers.getContractFactory("HelloWorld")

1const hello_world = await HelloWorld.deploy()

npx hardhat run scripts/deploy.js --network goerli

Contract deployed to address: 0x6cd7d44516a20882cEa2DE9f205bF401c0d23570

1// interact.js
2
3const API_KEY = process.env.API_KEY
4const PRIVATE_KEY = process.env.PRIVATE_KEY
5const CONTRACT_ADDRESS = process.env.CONTRACT_ADDRESS

# .env
API_URL = "https://eth-goerli.alchemyapi.io/v2/<your-api-key>"
API_KEY = "<your-api-key>"
PRIVATE_KEY = "<your-metamask-private-key>"
CONTRACT_ADDRESS = "0x<your contract address>"

1// interact.js
2const contract = require("../artifacts/contracts/HelloWorld.sol/HelloWorld.json")

1console.log(JSON.stringify(contract.abi))

npx hardhat run scripts/interact.js

1// interact.js
2
3// Provider
4const alchemyProvider = new ethers.providers.AlchemyProvider(
5  (network = "goerli"),
6  API_KEY
7)
8
9// Signer
10const signer = new ethers.Wallet(PRIVATE_KEY, alchemyProvider)
11
12// Contract
13const helloWorldContract = new ethers.Contract(
14  CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
15  contract.abi,
16  signer
17)
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1// interact.js
2
3// ...
4
5async function main() {
6  const message = await helloWorldContract.message()
7  console.log("The message is: " + message)
8}
9main()
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1The message is: Hello world!

1// interact.js
2
3// ...
4
5async function main() {
6  const message = await helloWorldContract.message()
7  console.log("The message is: " + message)
8
9  console.log("Updating the message...")
10  const tx = await helloWorldContract.update("This is the new message.")
11  await tx.wait()
12}
13main()
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1// interact.js
2
3const API_KEY = process.env.API_KEY
4const PRIVATE_KEY = process.env.PRIVATE_KEY
5const CONTRACT_ADDRESS = process.env.CONTRACT_ADDRESS
6
7const contract = require("../artifacts/contracts/HelloWorld.sol/HelloWorld.json")
8
9// provider - Alchemy
10const alchemyProvider = new ethers.providers.AlchemyProvider(
11  (network = "goerli"),
12  API_KEY
13)
14
15// signer - you
16const signer = new ethers.Wallet(PRIVATE_KEY, alchemyProvider)
17
18// contract instance
19const helloWorldContract = new ethers.Contract(
20  CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
21  contract.abi,
22  signer
23)
24
25async function main() {
26  const message = await helloWorldContract.message()
27  console.log("The message is: " + message)
28
29  console.log("Updating the message...")
30  const tx = await helloWorldContract.update("this is the new message")
31  await tx.wait()
32
33  const newMessage = await helloWorldContract.message()
34  console.log("The new message is: " + newMessage)
35}
36
37main()
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1The message is: Hello World!
2Updating the message...
3The new message is: This is the new message.

1API_URL = "https://eth-goerli.alchemyapi.io/v2/your-api-key"
2PUBLIC_KEY = "your-public-account-address"
3PRIVATE_KEY = "your-private-account-address"
4CONTRACT_ADDRESS = "your-contract-address"
5ETHERSCAN_API_KEY = "your-etherscan-key"

1npm install --save-dev @nomiclabs/hardhat-etherscan

1// hardhat.config.js
2
3require("dotenv").config()
4require("@nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers")
5require("@nomiclabs/hardhat-etherscan")
6
7const { API_URL, PRIVATE_KEY, ETHERSCAN_API_KEY } = process.env
8
9module.exports = {
10  solidity: "0.7.3",
11  defaultNetwork: "goerli",
12  networks: {
13    hardhat: {},
14    goerli: {
15      url: API_URL,
16      accounts: [`0x${PRIVATE_KEY}`],
17    },
18  },
19  etherscan: {
20    // Your API key for Etherscan
21    // Obtain one at https://etherscan.io/
22    apiKey: ETHERSCAN_API_KEY,
23  },
24}
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1npx hardhat verify --network goerli DEPLOYED_CONTRACT_ADDRESS 'Hello World!'

1Successfully submitted source code for contract
2contracts/HelloWorld.sol:HelloWorld at 0xdeployed-contract-address
3for verification on Etherscan. Waiting for verification result...
4
5
6Successfully verified contract HelloWorld on Etherscan.
7https://goerli.etherscan.io/address/<contract-address>#contracts

cd starter-files
npm install

npm start

1// HelloWorld.js
2
3import React from "react"
4import { useEffect, useState } from "react"
5import {
6  helloWorldContract,
7  connectWallet,
8  updateMessage,
9  loadCurrentMessage,
10  getCurrentWalletConnected,
11} from "./util/interact.js"
12
13import alchemylogo from "./alchemylogo.svg"
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3//State variables
4const [walletAddress, setWallet] = useState("")
5const [status, setStatus] = useState("")
6const [message, setMessage] = useState("No connection to the network.")
7const [newMessage, setNewMessage] = useState("")

1// HelloWorld.js
2
3//called only once
4useEffect(async () => {
5  //TODO: implement
6}, [])
7
8function addSmartContractListener() {
9  //TODO: implement
10}
11
12function addWalletListener() {
13  //TODO: implement
14}
15
16const connectWalletPressed = async () => {
17  //TODO: implement
18}
19
20const onUpdatePressed = async () => {
21  //TODO: implement
22}
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3//the UI of our component
4return (
5  <div id="container">
6    <img id="logo" src={alchemylogo}></img>
7    <button id="walletButton" onClick={connectWalletPressed}>
8      {walletAddress.length > 0 ? (
9        "Connected: " +
10        String(walletAddress).substring(0, 6) +
11        "..." +
12        String(walletAddress).substring(38)
13      ) : (
14        <span>Connect Wallet</span>
15      )}
16    </button>
17
18    <h2 style={{ paddingTop: "50px" }}>Current Message:</h2>
19    <p>{message}</p>
20
21    <h2 style={{ paddingTop: "18px" }}>New Message:</h2>
22
23    <div>
24      <input
25        type="text"
26        placeholder="Update the message in your smart contract."
27        onChange={(e) => setNewMessage(e.target.value)}
28        value={newMessage}
29      />
30      <p id="status">{status}</p>
31
32      <button id="publishButton" onClick={onUpdatePressed}>
33        Update
34      </button>
35    </div>
36  </div>
37)
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1// interact.js
2
3//export const helloWorldContract;
4
5export const loadCurrentMessage = async () => {}
6
7export const connectWallet = async () => {}
8
9const getCurrentWalletConnected = async () => {}
10
11export const updateMessage = async (message) => {}
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1npm install @alch/alchemy-web3

1npm install dotenv --save

1REACT_APP_ALCHEMY_KEY = wss://eth-goerli.ws.alchemyapi.io/v2/<key>

1// interact.js
2
3require("dotenv").config()
4const alchemyKey = process.env.REACT_APP_ALCHEMY_KEY
5const { createAlchemyWeb3 } = require("@alch/alchemy-web3")
6const web3 = createAlchemyWeb3(alchemyKey)
7
8//export const helloWorldContract;

1// interact.js
2
3const contractABI = require("../contract-abi.json")
4const contractAddress = "0x6f3f635A9762B47954229Ea479b4541eAF402A6A"

1// interact.js
2export const helloWorldContract = new web3.eth.Contract(
3  contractABI,
4  contractAddress
5)

1// interact.js
2
3require("dotenv").config()
4const alchemyKey = process.env.REACT_APP_ALCHEMY_KEY
5const { createAlchemyWeb3 } = require("@alch/alchemy-web3")
6const web3 = createAlchemyWeb3(alchemyKey)
7
8const contractABI = require("../contract-abi.json")
9const contractAddress = "0x6f3f635A9762B47954229Ea479b4541eAF402A6A"
10
11export const helloWorldContract = new web3.eth.Contract(
12  contractABI,
13  contractAddress
14)
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1// interact.js
2
3export const loadCurrentMessage = async () => {
4  const message = await helloWorldContract.methods.message().call()
5  return message
6}

1// HelloWorld.js
2
3//called only once
4useEffect(async () => {
5  const message = await loadCurrentMessage()
6  setMessage(message)
7}, [])

1// HelloWorld.sol
2
3// Specifies the version of Solidity, using semantic versioning.
4// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/layout-of-source-files.html#pragma
5pragma solidity ^0.7.3;
6
7// Defines a contract named `HelloWorld`.
8// 一个合约是函数和数据（其状态）的集合。 Once deployed, a contract resides at a specific address on the Ethereum blockchain. Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/structure-of-a-contract.html
9contract HelloWorld {
10
11   //Emitted when update function is called
12   //Smart contract events are a way for your contract to communicate that something happened on the blockchain to your app front-end, which can be 'listening' for certain events and take action when they happen.
13   event UpdatedMessages(string oldStr, string newStr);
14
15   // Declares a state variable `message` of type `string`.
16   // 状态变量是其值永久存储在合约存储中的变量。 The keyword `public` makes variables accessible from outside a contract and creates a function that other contracts or clients can call to access the value.
17   string public message;
18
19   // Similar to many class-based object-oriented languages, a constructor is a special function that is only executed upon contract creation.
20   // 构造器用于初始化合约的数据。 Learn more:https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/contracts.html#constructors
21   constructor(string memory initMessage) {
22
23      // Accepts a string argument `initMessage` and sets the value into the contract's `message` storage variable).
24      message = initMessage;
25   }
26
27   // A public function that accepts a string argument and updates the `message` storage variable.
28   function update(string memory newMessage) public {
29      string memory oldMsg = message;
30      message = newMessage;
31      emit UpdatedMessages(oldMsg, newMessage);
32   }
33}
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3function addSmartContractListener() {
4  helloWorldContract.events.UpdatedMessages({}, (error, data) => {
5    if (error) {
6      setStatus("😥 " + error.message)
7    } else {
8      setMessage(data.returnValues[1])
9      setNewMessage("")
10      setStatus("🎉 Your message has been updated!")
11    }
12  })
13}
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3useEffect(async () => {
4  const message = await loadCurrentMessage()
5  setMessage(message)
6  addSmartContractListener()
7}, [])

1{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 0, "result": "0xde0b6b3a7640000"}

1// interact.js
2
3export const connectWallet = async () => {
4  if (window.ethereum) {
5    try {
6      const addressArray = await window.ethereum.request({
7        method: "eth_requestAccounts",
8      })
9      const obj = {
10        status: "👆🏽 Write a message in the text-field above.",
11        address: addressArray[0],
12      }
13      return obj
14    } catch (err) {
15      return {
16        address: "",
17        status: "😥 " + err.message,
18      }
19    }
20  } else {
21    return {
22      address: "",
23      status: (
24        <span>
25          <p>
26            {" "}
27            🦊 <a target="_blank" href={`https://metamask.io/download.html`}>
28              You must install MetaMask, a virtual Ethereum wallet, in your
29              browser.
30            </a>
31          </p>
32        </span>
33      ),
34    }
35  }
36}
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3const connectWalletPressed = async () => {
4  const walletResponse = await connectWallet()
5  setStatus(walletResponse.status)
6  setWallet(walletResponse.address)
7}

1// interact.js
2
3export const getCurrentWalletConnected = async () => {
4  if (window.ethereum) {
5    try {
6      const addressArray = await window.ethereum.request({
7        method: "eth_accounts",
8      })
9      if (addressArray.length > 0) {
10        return {
11          address: addressArray[0],
12          status: "👆🏽 Write a message in the text-field above.",
13        }
14      } else {
15        return {
16          address: "",
17          status: "🦊 Connect to MetaMask using the top right button.",
18        }
19      }
20    } catch (err) {
21      return {
22        address: "",
23        status: "😥 " + err.message,
24      }
25    }
26  } else {
27    return {
28      address: "",
29      status: (
30        <span>
31          <p>
32            {" "}
33            🦊 <a target="_blank" href={`https://metamask.io/download.html`}>
34              You must install MetaMask, a virtual Ethereum wallet, in your
35              browser.
36            </a>
37          </p>
38        </span>
39      ),
40    }
41  }
42}
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3useEffect(async () => {
4  const message = await loadCurrentMessage()
5  setMessage(message)
6  addSmartContractListener()
7
8  const { address, status } = await getCurrentWalletConnected()
9  setWallet(address)
10  setStatus(status)
11}, [])
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3function addWalletListener() {
4  if (window.ethereum) {
5    window.ethereum.on("accountsChanged", (accounts) => {
6      if (accounts.length > 0) {
7        setWallet(accounts[0])
8        setStatus("👆🏽 Write a message in the text-field above.")
9      } else {
10        setWallet("")
11        setStatus("🦊 Connect to MetaMask using the top right button.")
12      }
13    })
14  } else {
15    setStatus(
16      <p>
17        {" "}
18        🦊 <a target="_blank" href={`https://metamask.io/download.html`}>
19          You must install MetaMask, a virtual Ethereum wallet, in your browser.
20        </a>
21      </p>
22    )
23  }
24}
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3useEffect(async () => {
4  const message = await loadCurrentMessage()
5  setMessage(message)
6  addSmartContractListener()
7
8  const { address, status } = await getCurrentWalletConnected()
9  setWallet(address)
10  setStatus(status)
11
12  addWalletListener()
13}, [])
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1// interact.js
2
3export const updateMessage = async (address, message) => {
4  if (!window.ethereum || address === null) {
5    return {
6      status:
7        "💡 Connect your MetaMask wallet to update the message on the blockchain.",
8    }
9  }
10
11  if (message.trim() === "") {
12    return {
13      status: "❌ Your message cannot be an empty string.",
14    }
15  }
16}
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1// interact.js
2
3//set up transaction parameters
4const transactionParameters = {
5  to: contractAddress, // Required except during contract publications.
6  from: address, // must match user's active address.
7  data: helloWorldContract.methods.update(message).encodeABI(),
8}
9
10//sign the transaction
11try {
12  const txHash = await window.ethereum.request({
13    method: "eth_sendTransaction",
14    params: [transactionParameters],
15  })
16  return {
17    status: (
18      <span>
19        ✅{" "}
20        <a target="_blank" href={`https://goerli.etherscan.io/tx/${txHash}`}>
21          View the status of your transaction on Etherscan!
22        </a>
23        <br />
24        ℹ️ Once the transaction is verified by the network, the message will be
25        updated automatically.
26      </span>
27    ),
28  }
29} catch (error) {
30  return {
31    status: "😥 " + error.message,
32  }
33}
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1// interact.js
2
3export const updateMessage = async (address, message) => {
4  //input error handling
5  if (!window.ethereum || address === null) {
6    return {
7      status:
8        "💡 Connect your MetaMask wallet to update the message on the blockchain.",
9    }
10  }
11
12  if (message.trim() === "") {
13    return {
14      status: "❌ Your message cannot be an empty string.",
15    }
16  }
17
18  //set up transaction parameters
19  const transactionParameters = {
20    to: contractAddress, // Required except during contract publications.
21    from: address, // must match user's active address.
22    data: helloWorldContract.methods.update(message).encodeABI(),
23  }
24
25  //sign the transaction
26  try {
27    const txHash = await window.ethereum.request({
28      method: "eth_sendTransaction",
29      params: [transactionParameters],
30    })
31    return {
32      status: (
33        <span>
34          ✅{" "}
35          <a target="_blank" href={`https://goerli.etherscan.io/tx/${txHash}`}>
36            View the status of your transaction on Etherscan!
37          </a>
38          <br />
39          ℹ️ Once the transaction is verified by the network, the message will
40          be updated automatically.
41        </span>
42      ),
43    }
44  } catch (error) {
45    return {
46      status: "😥 " + error.message,
47    }
48  }
49}
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1// HelloWorld.js
2
3const onUpdatePressed = async () => {
4  const { status } = await updateMessage(walletAddress, newMessage)
5  setStatus(status)
6}