பக்கம் கடைசியாக மாற்றப்பட்டது: 13 செப்டம்பர், 2023
The history of Ethereum
A timeline of all the major milestones, forks, and updates to the Ethereum blockchain.
Skip straight to information about some of the particularly important past upgrades: The Beacon Chain; The Merge; and EIP-1559
Looking for future protocol upgrades? Learn about upcoming upgrades on the Ethereum roadmap.
2023
Shanghai
12 ஏப்., 2023, பிற்பகல் 10:27:35 +UTC
Summary
The Shanghai upgrade brought staking withdrawals to the execution layer. In tandem with the Capella upgrade, this enabled blocks to accept withdrawal operations, which allows stakers to withdraw their ETH from the Beacon Chain to the execution layer.
Capella
12 ஏப்., 2023, பிற்பகல் 10:27:35 +UTC
Summary
The Capella upgrade was the third major upgrade to the consensus layer (Beacon Chain) and enabled staking withdrawals. Capella occurred synchronously with the execution layer upgrade, Shanghai, and enabled staking withdrawal functionality.
This consensus layer upgrade brought the ability for stakers who did not provide withdrawal credentials with their initial deposit to do so, thereby enabling withdrawals.
The upgrade also provided automatic account sweeping functionality, which continuously processes validator accounts for any available rewards payments or full withdrawals.
2022
Paris (The Merge)
15 செப்., 2022, முற்பகல் 6:42:42 +UTC
Summary
The Paris upgrade was triggered by the proof-of-work blockchain passing a terminal total difficulty of 58750000000000000000000. This happened at block 15537393 on 15th September 2022, triggering the Paris upgrade the next block. Paris was The Merge transition - its major feature was switching off the proof-of-work mining algorithm and associated consensus logic and switching on proof-of-stake instead. Paris itself was an upgrade to the execution clients (equivalent to Bellatrix on the consensus layer) that enabled them to take instruction from their connected consensus clients. This required a new set of internal API methods, collectively known as the Engine API(opens in a new tab), to be activated. This was arguably the most significant upgrade in Ethereum history since Homestead!
Bellatrix
Summary
The Bellatrix upgrade was the second scheduled upgrade for the Beacon Chain, preparing the chain for The Merge. It brings validator penalties to their full values for inactivity and slashable offenses. Bellatrix also includes an update to the fork choice rules to prepare the chain for The Merge and the transition from the last proof-of-work block to the first proof-of-stake block. This includes making consensus clients aware of the terminal total difficulty of 58750000000000000000000.
Gray Glacier
30 ஜூன், 2022, முற்பகல் 10:54:04 +UTC
Summary
The Gray Glacier network upgrade pushed back the difficulty bomb by three months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade, and is similar in nature to the Arrow Glacier and Muir Glacier upgrades. Similar changes have been performed on the Byzantium, Constantinople and London network upgrades.
2021
Arrow Glacier
9 டிச., 2021, முற்பகல் 7:55:23 +UTC
Summary
The Arrow Glacier network upgrade pushed back the difficulty bomb by several months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade, and is similar in nature to the Muir Glacier upgrade. Similar changes have been performed on the Byzantium, Constantinople and London network upgrades.
- EF Blog - Arrow Glacier Upgrade Announcement(opens in a new tab)
- Ethereum Cat Herders - Ethereum Arrow Glacier Upgrade(opens in a new tab)
Altair
Summary
The Altair upgrade was the first scheduled upgrade for the Beacon Chain. It added support for "sync committees"—enabling light clients, and increased validator inactivity and slashing penalties as development progressed towards The Merge.
Fun fact!
Altair was the first major network upgrade that had an exact rollout time. Every upgrade prior had been based on a declared block number on the proof-of-work chain, where block times vary. The Beacon Chain does not require solving for proof-of-work, and instead works on a time-based epoch system consisting of 32 twelve-second "slots" of time where validators can propose blocks. This is why we knew exactly when we would hit epoch 74,240 and Altair became live!
London
5 ஆக., 2021, பிற்பகல் 12:33:42 +UTC
Summary
The London upgrade introduced EIP-1559(opens in a new tab), which reformed the transaction fee market, along with changes to how gas refunds are handled and the Ice Age schedule.
- Are you a dapp developer? Be sure to upgrade your libraries and tooling.(opens in a new tab)
- Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement(opens in a new tab)
- Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer(opens in a new tab)
Berlin
15 ஏப்., 2021, முற்பகல் 10:07:03 +UTC
Summary
The Berlin upgrade optimized gas cost for certain EVM actions, and increases support for multiple transaction types.
- Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement(opens in a new tab)
- Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer(opens in a new tab)
2020
Beacon Chain genesis
1 டிச., 2020, பிற்பகல் 12:00:35 +UTC