एथाश
अंतिम संपादन: @minimalsm(opens in a new tab), 6 मार्च 2024
एथाश(opens in a new tab) डैगर-हाशिमोटो एल्गोरिथम का एक संशोधित संस्करण है। एथाश प्रूफ-ऑफ-वर्क मेमोरी हार्ड(opens in a new tab) है, जिससे एल्गोरिथम ASIC प्रतिरोधी बनाने की अपेक्षा की गई थी। एथाश ASIC को अंततः विकसित किया गया था लेकिन GPU माईनिंग तब तक एक व्यवहार्य विकल्प था जब तक कि प्रूफ-ऑफ-वर्क बंद नहीं किया गया था। एथाश का उपयोग अभी भी अन्य गैर-एथेरियम प्रूफ-ऑफ-वर्क नेटवर्क पर अन्य सिक्कों को माइन करने के लिए किया जाता है।
एथाश कैसे काम करता है?
मेमोरी कठोरता प्रूफ-ऑफ-वर्क एल्गोरिथम के साथ प्राप्त की जाती है जिसके लिए नॉन्स और ब्लॉक हेडर पर निर्भर एक निश्चित संसाधन के सबसेट को चुनने की आवश्यकता होती है। इस संसाधन (आकार में कुछ गीगाबाइट) को DAG कहा जाता है। DAG को हर 30000 ब्लॉक में बदल दिया जाता है, एक ~ 125 घंटे की विंडो जिसे एक युग (लगभग 5.2 दिन) कहा जाता है और उत्पन्न होने में कुछ समय लगता है। चूंकि DAG केवल ब्लॉक की ऊंचाई पर निर्भर करता है, इसे पूर्व-उत्पन्न किया जा सकता है, लेकिन यदि ऐसा नहीं है तो क्लाइंट को ब्लॉक बनाने के लिए इस प्रक्रिया के अंत तक इंतजार करना होगा। यदि क्लाइंट समय से पहले DAG को प्री-जेनरेट और कैश नहीं करते हैं, तो नेटवर्क प्रत्येक युग संक्रमण पर बड़े पैमाने पर ब्लॉक देरी का अनुभव कर सकता है। ध्यान दें कि काम के सबूत को सत्यापित करने के लिए DAG को उत्पन्न करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है, अनिवार्य रूप से कम CPU और छोटी मेमोरी दोनों के साथ सत्यापन की अनुमति देता है।
एल्गोरिथम जो सामान्य मार्ग लेता है वह इस प्रकार है:
- एक सीड मौजूद है जिसे उस बिंदु तक ब्लॉक हेडर के माध्यम से स्कैन करके प्रत्येक ब्लॉक के लिए गणना की जा सकती है।
- सीड से, कोई 16 MB स्यूडोरैंडम कैश की गणना कर सकता है। लाइट क्लाइंट कैश स्टोर करते हैं।
- कैश से, हम एक 1 GB डेटासेट उत्पन्न कर सकते हैं, इस विशेषता के साथ कि डेटासेट में प्रत्येक आइटम कैश से केवल कुछ ही वस्तुओं पर निर्भर करता है। पूर्ण क्लाइंट और माईनर डेटासेट को संग्रहीत करते हैं। डेटासेट समय के साथ रैखिक रूप से बढ़ता है।
- माईनिंग में डेटासेट के रैंडम स्लाइस को पकड़ना और उन्हें एक साथ हैश करना शामिल है। डेटासेट के विशिष्ट भागों को पुन: उत्पन्न करने के लिए कैश का उपयोग करके कम मेमोरी के साथ सत्यापन किया जा सकता है, इसलिए आपको केवल कैश को स्टोर करने की आवश्यकता है।
बड़े डेटासेट को हर 30000 ब्लॉक में एक बार अपडेट किया जाता है, इसलिए एक माईनर के प्रयास का अधिकांश हिस्सा डेटासेट को पढ़ना होगा, इसमें बदलाव नहीं करना होगा।
परिभाषाएँ
हम निम्नलिखित परिभाषाओं को नियोजित करते हैं:
1WORD_BYTES = 4 # bytes in word2DATASET_BYTES_INIT = 2**30 # bytes in dataset at genesis3DATASET_BYTES_GROWTH = 2**23 # dataset growth per epoch4CACHE_BYTES_INIT = 2**24 # bytes in cache at genesis5CACHE_BYTES_GROWTH = 2**17 # cache growth per epoch6CACHE_MULTIPLIER=1024 # Size of the DAG relative to the cache7EPOCH_LENGTH = 30000 # blocks per epoch8MIX_BYTES = 128 # width of mix9HASH_BYTES = 64 # hash length in bytes10DATASET_PARENTS = 256 # number of parents of each dataset element11CACHE_ROUNDS = 3 # number of rounds in cache production12ACCESSES = 64 # number of accesses in hashimoto loopसभी दिखाएँ
'SHA3' का उपयोग
एथेरियम का विकास SHA3 मानक के विकास के साथ हुआ, और मानक प्रक्रिया ने अंतिम हैश एल्गोरिथम के पैडिंग में देर से बदलाव किया, ताकि एथेरियम sha3_256 और "sha3_512" हैश मानक sha3 हैश नहीं हैं, लेकिन एक प्रकार जिसे अक्सर संदर्भित किया जाता है अन्य संदर्भों में "Keccak-256" और "Keccak-512" के रूप में। चर्चा देखें, उदाहरण के लिए यहां(opens in a new tab), यहां(opens in a new tab), या यहां(opens in a new tab)।
कृपया इसे ध्यान में रखें क्योंकि नीचे दिए गए एल्गोरिथ्म के विवरण में "sha3" हैश को संदर्भित किया गया है।
पैरामीटर
एथाश के कैश और डेटासेट के पैरामीटर ब्लॉक नंबर पर निर्भर करते हैं। कैश आकार और डेटासेट आकार दोनों रैखिक रूप से बढ़ते हैं; हालांकि, हम हमेशा चक्रीय व्यवहार के लिए आकस्मिक नियमितताओं के जोखिम को कम करने के लिए रैखिक रूप से बढ़ती सीमा से नीचे उच्चतम प्राइम लेते हैं।
1def get_cache_size(block_number):2 sz = CACHE_BYTES_INIT + CACHE_BYTES_GROWTH * (block_number // EPOCH_LENGTH)3 sz -= HASH_BYTES4 while not isprime(sz / HASH_BYTES):5 sz -= 2 * HASH_BYTES6 return sz78def get_full_size(block_number):9 sz = DATASET_BYTES_INIT + DATASET_BYTES_GROWTH * (block_number // EPOCH_LENGTH)10 sz -= MIX_BYTES11 while not isprime(sz / MIX_BYTES):12 sz -= 2 * MIX_BYTES13 return szसभी दिखाएँकॉपी करें
डेटासेट और कैश आकार मूल्यों की तालिकाएं परिशिष्ट में प्रदान की गई हैं।
कैश जनरेशन
अब, हम कैश बनाने के लिए फ़ंक्शन निर्दिष्ट करते हैं:
1def mkcache(cache_size, seed):2 n = cache_size // HASH_BYTES34 # Sequentially produce the initial dataset5 o = [sha3_512(seed)]6 for i in range(1, n):7 o.append(sha3_512(o[-1]))89 # Use a low-round version of randmemohash10 for _ in range(CACHE_ROUNDS):11 for i in range(n):12 v = o[i][0] % n13 o[i] = sha3_512(map(xor, o[(i-1+n) % n], o[v]))1415 return oसभी दिखाएँकॉपी करें
कैश उत्पादन प्रक्रिया में पहले क्रमिक रूप से 32 MB मेमोरी भरना शामिल है, फिर सर्जियो डेमियन लर्नर के RandMemoHash एल्गोरिथम के दो पास स्ट्रिक्ट मेमोरी हार्ड हैशिंग फ़ंक्शंस (2014) से करते(opens in a new tab) हैं। आउटपुट 524288 64-बाइट मानों का एक सेट है।
डेटा एकत्रीकरण फ़ंक्शन
हम XOR के लिए एक गैर-सहयोगी विकल्प के रूप में कुछ मामलों में FNV हैश(opens in a new tab) से प्रेरित एल्गोरिथम का उपयोग करते हैं। ध्यान दें कि हम FNV-1 स्पेक के विपरीत पूर्ण 32-बिट इनपुट के साथ प्राइम को गुणा करते हैं, जो बदले में प्राइम को एक बाइट (ऑक्टेट) से गुणा करता है।
1FNV_PRIME = 0x0100019323def fnv(v1, v2):4 return ((v1 * FNV_PRIME) ^ v2) % 2**32कॉपी करें
कृपया ध्यान दें, यहां तक कि पीला पेपर fnv को v1*(FNV_PRIME ^ v2) के रूप में निर्दिष्ट करता है, सभी वर्तमान कार्यान्वयन लगातार उपरोक्त निर्धारण का उपयोग करते हैं।
पूर्ण डेटासेट गणना
पूर्ण 1 GB डेटासेट में प्रत्येक 64-बाइट आइटम की गणना निम्नानुसार की जाती है:
1def calc_dataset_item(cache, i):2 n = len(cache)3 r = HASH_BYTES // WORD_BYTES4 # initialize the mix5 mix = copy.copy(cache[i % n])6 mix[0] ^= i7 mix = sha3_512(mix)8 # fnv it with a lot of random cache nodes based on i9 for j in range(DATASET_PARENTS):10 cache_index = fnv(i ^ j, mix[j % r])11 mix = map(fnv, mix, cache[cache_index % n])12 return sha3_512(mix)सभी दिखाएँकॉपी करें
अनिवार्य रूप से, हम 256 स्यूडोरैंडम रूप से चयनित कैश नोड्स से डेटा को जोड़ते हैं, और डेटासेट नोड की गणना करने के लिए हैश करते हैं। तब संपूर्ण डेटासेट इसके द्वारा उत्पन्न होता है:
1def calc_dataset(full_size, cache):2 return [calc_dataset_item(cache, i) for i in range(full_size // HASH_BYTES)]कॉपी करें
मेन लूप
अब, हम मुख्य "हाशिमोटो" जैसे लूप को निर्दिष्ट करते हैं, जहां हम किसी विशेष हेडर और नॉन्स के लिए अपना अंतिम मूल्य उत्पन्न करने के लिए पूर्ण डेटासेट से डेटा एकत्र करते हैं। नीचे दिए गए कोड में, header
एक ट्रन्केटेड ब्लॉक हेडर के RLP प्रतिनिधित्व के SHA3-256 हैश का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है, जो कि फ़ील्ड mixHash और नॉन्स के अतिरिक्त किसी अन्य हेडर का है। nonce
बड़े-एंडियन क्रम में 64 बिट अहस्ताक्षरित पूर्णांक के आठ बाइट्स हैं। तो nonce[::-1]
उस मान का आठ-बाइट लिटिल-एंडियन प्रतिनिधित्व है:
1def hashimoto(header, nonce, full_size, dataset_lookup):2 n = full_size / HASH_BYTES3 w = MIX_BYTES // WORD_BYTES4 mixhashes = MIX_BYTES / HASH_BYTES5 # combine header+nonce into a 64 byte seed6 s = sha3_512(header + nonce[::-1])7 # start the mix with replicated s8 mix = []9 for _ in range(MIX_BYTES / HASH_BYTES):10 mix.extend(s)11 # mix in random dataset nodes12 for i in range(ACCESSES):13 p = fnv(i ^ s[0], mix[i % w]) % (n // mixhashes) * mixhashes14 newdata = []15 for j in range(MIX_BYTES / HASH_BYTES):16 newdata.extend(dataset_lookup(p + j))17 mix = map(fnv, mix, newdata)18 # compress mix19 cmix = []20 for i in range(0, len(mix), 4):21 cmix.append(fnv(fnv(fnv(mix[i], mix[i+1]), mix[i+2]), mix[i+3]))22 return {23 "mix digest": serialize_hash(cmix),24 "result": serialize_hash(sha3_256(s+cmix))25 }2627def hashimoto_light(full_size, cache, header, nonce):28 return hashimoto(header, nonce, full_size, lambda x: calc_dataset_item(cache, x))2930def hashimoto_full(full_size, dataset, header, nonce):31 return hashimoto(header, nonce, full_size, lambda x: dataset[x])सभी दिखाएँकॉपी करें
अनिवार्य रूप से, हम एक "मिक्स" 128 बाइट्स चौड़ा बनाए रखते हैं, और बार-बार क्रमिक रूप से पूर्ण डेटासेट से 128 बाइट्स प्राप्त करते हैं और इसे युग्मन के साथ संयोजित करने के लिए fnv
फ़ंक्शन का उपयोग करते हैं। अनुक्रमिक पहुंच के 128 बाइट्स का उपयोग किया जाता है ताकि एल्गोरिथम का प्रत्येक दौर हमेशा RAM से एक पूर्ण पृष्ठ प्राप्त करे, अनुवाद लुकसाइड बफर मिस को कम करता है जिसे ASIC प्राथमिक रूप से अनदेखा कर पाएगा।
यदि इस एल्गोरिथम का आउटपुट वांछित लक्ष्य से नीचे है, तो नॉन्स मान्य है। ध्यान दें कि अंत में sha3_256
का अतिरिक्त एप्लिकेशन यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि एक मध्यवर्ती नॉन्स मौजूद है जिसे यह साबित करने के लिए प्रदान किया जा सकता है कि कम से कम थोड़ी मात्रा में काम किया गया था; इस त्वरित बाहरी PoW सत्यापन का उपयोग DDoS विरोधी उद्देश्यों के लिए किया जा सकता है। यह सांख्यिकीय आश्वासन प्रदान करने का भी कार्य करता है कि परिणाम एक निष्पक्ष, 256-बिट संख्या है।
माइनिंग
माईनिंग एल्गोरिथम को निम्नानुसार परिभाषित किया गया है:
1def mine(full_size, dataset, header, difficulty):2 # zero-pad target to compare with hash on the same digit3 target = zpad(encode_int(2**256 // difficulty), 64)[::-1]4 from random import randint5 nonce = randint(0, 2**64)6 while hashimoto_full(full_size, dataset, header, nonce) > target:7 nonce = (nonce + 1) % 2**648 return nonceकॉपी करें
सीड हैश को निर्धारित करना
सीड हैश की गणना करने के लिए जिसका उपयोग किसी दिए गए ब्लॉक के शीर्ष पर माईनिंग के लिए किया जाएगा, हम निम्नलिखित एल्गोरिथम का उपयोग करते हैं:
1 def get_seedhash(block):2 s = '\x00' * 323 for i in range(block.number // EPOCH_LENGTH):4 s = serialize_hash(sha3_256(s))5 return sकॉपी करें
ध्यान दें कि सुगम माईनिंग और सत्यापन के लिए, हम एक अलग थ्रेड में भविष्य के सीडहैश और डेटासेट की पूर्व-गणना करने की सलाह देते हैं।
अग्रिम पठन
एक सामुदायिक संसाधन के बारे में जानें, जिसने आपकी मदद की? इस पृष्ठ को संपादित करें और इसे जोड़ें!
परिशिष्ट
यदि आप उपरोक्त python स्पेक को कोड के रूप में चलाने में रुचि रखते हैं तो निम्न कोड को आगे बढ़ाया जाना चाहिए।
1import sha3, copy23# Assumes little endian bit ordering (same as Intel architectures)4def decode_int(s):5 return int(s[::-1].encode('hex'), 16) if s else 067def encode_int(s):8 a = "%x" % s9 return '' if s == 0 else ('0' * (len(a) % 2) + a).decode('hex')[::-1]1011def zpad(s, length):12 return s + '\x00' * max(0, length - len(s))1314def serialize_hash(h):15 return ''.join([zpad(encode_int(x), 4) for x in h])1617def deserialize_hash(h):18 return [decode_int(h[i:i+WORD_BYTES]) for i in range(0, len(h), WORD_BYTES)]1920def hash_words(h, sz, x):21 if isinstance(x, list):22 x = serialize_hash(x)23 y = h(x)24 return deserialize_hash(y)2526def serialize_cache(ds):27 return ''.join([serialize_hash(h) for h in ds])2829serialize_dataset = serialize_cache3031# sha3 hash function, outputs 64 bytes32def sha3_512(x):33 return hash_words(lambda v: sha3.sha3_512(v).digest(), 64, x)3435def sha3_256(x):36 return hash_words(lambda v: sha3.sha3_256(v).digest(), 32, x)3738def xor(a, b):39 return a ^ b4041def isprime(x):42 for i in range(2, int(x**0.5)):43 if x % i == 0:44 return False45 return Trueसभी दिखाएँकॉपी करें
डेटा आकार
निम्न लुकअप तालिकाएँ डेटा आकारों और कैश आकारों के लगभग 2048 सारणीबद्ध युगों को प्रदान करती हैं।
1def get_datasize(block_number):2 return data_sizes[block_number // EPOCH_LENGTH]34def get_cachesize(block_number):5 return cache_sizes[block_number // EPOCH_LENGTH]67data_sizes = [81073739904, 1082130304, 1090514816, 1098906752, 1107293056,91115684224, 1124070016, 1132461952, 1140849536, 1149232768,101157627776, 1166013824, 1174404736, 1182786944, 1191180416,111199568512, 1207958912, 1216345216, 1224732032, 1233124736,121241513344, 1249902464, 1258290304, 1266673792, 1275067264,131283453312, 1291844992, 1300234112, 1308619904, 1317010048,141325397376, 1333787776, 1342176128, 1350561664, 1358954368,151367339392, 1375731584, 1384118144, 1392507008, 1400897408,161409284736, 1417673344, 1426062464, 1434451072, 1442839168,171451229056, 1459615616, 1468006016, 1476394112, 1484782976,181493171584, 1501559168, 1509948032, 1518337664, 1526726528,191535114624, 1543503488, 1551892096, 1560278656, 1568669056,201577056384, 1585446272, 1593831296, 1602219392, 1610610304,211619000192, 1627386752, 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