Ethash
Son düzenleme: @kaanmetu(opens in a new tab), 6 Mart 2024
Ethash(opens in a new tab), Dagger-Hashimoto algoritmasının değiştirilmiş bir versiyonudur. Ethash iş ispatıbellek zor(opens in a new tab) bir işlemdir, bunun algoritmayı ASIC dirençli hale getirdiği düşünülür. Sonunda Ethash ASICleri geliştirildi fakat GPU madenciliği iş ispatı durdurulana kadar hâlâ geçerli bir seçenekti. Ethash, Ethereum olmayan iş ispatı ağlarında hâlâ diğer paraların madenciliğini yapmak için kullanılmaktadır.
Ethash nasıl çalışır?
Bellek sertliği, nonce ve blok başlığına bağlı olarak sabit bir kaynağın alt kümelerinin seçilmesini gerektiren bir iş kanıtı algoritması ile elde edilir. Bu kaynağa (birkaç gigabayt boyutunda) DAG adı verilir. DAG, her 30000 blokta bir değiştirilir, bu devir olarak adlandırılan 125 saatlik bir penceredir (kabaca 5,2 gün) ve oluşturulması biraz zaman alır. DAG yalnızca blok yüksekliğine bağlı olduğundan, önceden oluşturulabilir, ancak böyle değilse, müşterinin bir blok oluşturmak için bu sürecin sonuna kadar beklemesi gerekir. İstemciler DAG'leri önceden oluşturup önbelleğe almazsa, ağ her bir dönem geçişinde büyük blok gecikmesi yaşayabilir. DAG'nin, hem düşük CPU hem de küçük bellek ile doğrulamaya izin veren iş kanıtının doğrulanması için oluşturulması gerekmediğini unutmayın.
Algoritmanın izlediği genel rota aşağıdaki gibidir:
- O noktaya kadar blok başlıklarını tarayarak bulunan, her blok için hesaplanabilen bir tohum vardır.
- Çekirdekten, 16 MB sözderastgele önbellek hesaplanabilir. Hafif istemciler önbelleği depolar.
- Önbellekten, veri kümesindeki her öğenin önbellekten yalnızca az sayıda öğeye bağlı olduğu özelliğiyle, 1 GB'lık bir veri kümesi oluşturabiliriz. Tam istemciler ve madenciler veri kümesini depolar. Veri kümesi, zamanla doğrusal olarak büyür.
- Madencilik, veri setinin rastgele dilimlerini alıp bunları bir araya getirmeyi içerir. Doğrulama, ihtiyacınız olan veri kümesinin belirli parçalarını yeniden oluşturmak için önbelleği kullanarak düşük bellekle yapılabilir, böylece yalnızca önbelleği saklamanız gerekir.
Büyük veri kümesi her 30000 blokta bir güncellenir, bu nedenle bir madencinin çabasının büyük çoğunluğu veri kümesini okumak olacak, değişiklik yapmak değil.
Tanımlamalar
Aşağıdaki tanımları kullanıyoruz:
1WORD_BYTES = 4 # bytes in word2DATASET_BYTES_INIT = 2**30 # bytes in dataset at genesis3DATASET_BYTES_GROWTH = 2**23 # dataset growth per epoch4CACHE_BYTES_INIT = 2**24 # bytes in cache at genesis5CACHE_BYTES_GROWTH = 2**17 # cache growth per epoch6CACHE_MULTIPLIER=1024 # Size of the DAG relative to the cache7EPOCH_LENGTH = 30000 # blocks per epoch8MIX_BYTES = 128 # width of mix9HASH_BYTES = 64 # hash length in bytes10DATASET_PARENTS = 256 # number of parents of each dataset element11CACHE_ROUNDS = 3 # number of rounds in cache production12ACCESSES = 64 # number of accesses in hashimoto loopTümünü göster
'SHA3' kullanımı
Ethereum'un gelişimi, SHA3 standardının geliştirilmesiyle çakıştı ve standartlar süreci, sonlandırılmış karma algoritmanın dolgusunda geç bir değişiklik yaptı, böylece Ethereum'un "sha3_256" ve "sha3_512" karmaları standart sha3 karmaları değil, diğer bağlamlarda "Keccak-256" ve "Keccak-512" olarak genellikle atıfta bulunulan bir değişkendir. Tartışmaya ör. buradan(opens in a new tab), buradan(opens in a new tab) ve buradan bakabilirsiniz(opens in a new tab).
Lütfen aşağıdaki algoritmanın açıklamasında "sha3" karmalarına atıfta bulunulduğunu unutmayın.
Parametreler
Ethash'in önbelleği ve veri kümesi parametreleri, blok numarasına bağlıdır. Önbellek boyutu ve veri kümesi boyutu doğrusal olarak büyür; bununla birlikte, döngüsel davranışa yol açan tesadüfi düzenlilik riskini azaltmak için her zaman doğrusal olarak büyüyen eşiğin altındaki en yüksek asal değeri alırız.
1def get_cache_size(block_number):2 sz = CACHE_BYTES_INIT + CACHE_BYTES_GROWTH * (block_number // EPOCH_LENGTH)3 sz -= HASH_BYTES4 while not isprime(sz / HASH_BYTES):5 sz -= 2 * HASH_BYTES6 return sz78def get_full_size(block_number):9 sz = DATASET_BYTES_INIT + DATASET_BYTES_GROWTH * (block_number // EPOCH_LENGTH)10 sz -= MIX_BYTES11 while not isprime(sz / MIX_BYTES):12 sz -= 2 * MIX_BYTES13 return szTümünü gösterKopyala
Veri kümesi ve önbellek boyutu değerleri tabloları ekte verilmiştir.
Önbellek üretimi
Şimdi, bir önbellek üretme fonksiyonunu belirtiyoruz:
1def mkcache(cache_size, seed):2 n = cache_size // HASH_BYTES34 # Sequentially produce the initial dataset5 o = [sha3_512(seed)]6 for i in range(1, n):7 o.append(sha3_512(o[-1]))89 # Use a low-round version of randmemohash10 for _ in range(CACHE_ROUNDS):11 for i in range(n):12 v = o[i][0] % n13 o[i] = sha3_512(map(xor, o[(i-1+n) % n], o[v]))1415 return oTümünü gösterKopyala
Önbellek üretim süreci, önce 32 MB belleğin sırayla doldurulmasını, ardından Sergio Demian Lerner'in Strict Memory Hard Hashing Functions'tan (2014)(opens in a new tab) RandMemoHash algoritmasının iki geçişini gerçekleştirmeyi içerir. Çıktı, 524288 64 baytlık bir değer kümesidir.
Veri toplama fonksiyonu
Bazı durumlarda XOR için, ilişkisel olmayan bir ikame olarak, FNV karması(opens in a new tab)ndan esinlenen bir algoritma kullanıyoruz. Asal değeri sırayla bir bayt (sekizli) ile çarpan FNV-1 spesifikasyonunun aksine, asal değeri tam 32 bit girişle çarptığımızı unutmayın.
1FNV_PRIME = 0x0100019323def fnv(v1, v2):4 return ((v1 * FNV_PRIME) ^ v2) % 2**32Kopyala
Lütfen sarı kağıdın fnv'yi v1*(FNV_PRIME ^ v2) olarak belirttiğine dikkat edin, tüm mevcut uygulamalar tutarlı bir şekilde yukarıdaki tanımı kullanır.
Tam veri kümesi hesaplaması
Tam 1 GB veri kümesindeki her 64 baytlık öğe aşağıdaki gibi hesaplanır:
1def calc_dataset_item(cache, i):2 n = len(cache)3 r = HASH_BYTES // WORD_BYTES4 # initialize the mix5 mix = copy.copy(cache[i % n])6 mix[0] ^= i7 mix = sha3_512(mix)8 # fnv it with a lot of random cache nodes based on i9 for j in range(DATASET_PARENTS):10 cache_index = fnv(i ^ j, mix[j % r])11 mix = map(fnv, mix, cache[cache_index % n])12 return sha3_512(mix)Tümünü gösterKopyala
Esasen, sözde rasgele seçilmiş 256 önbellek düğümünden gelen verileri birleştirir ve veri kümesi düğümünü hesaplamak için bunu kararız. Tüm veri kümesi daha sonra şu şekilde oluşturulur:
1def calc_dataset(full_size, cache):2 return [calc_dataset_item(cache, i) for i in range(full_size // HASH_BYTES)]Kopyala
Ana döngü
Şimdi, belirli bir başlık ve nonce için nihai değerimizi üretmek için tüm veri kümesinden verileri topladığımız ana "hashimoto" benzeri döngüyü belirtiyoruz. Aşağıdaki kodda, başlık
, kesilmiş bir _ blok başlığı, yani mixHash ve nonce alanlarını hariç tutan bir başlığının RLP temsilinin SHA3-256 _karmasını temsil eder. nonce
, büyük endian düzende 64 bitlik işaretsiz bir tamsayının sekiz baytıdır. Yani nonce[::-1]
bu değerin sekiz baytlık küçük endian temsilidir:
1def hashimoto(header, nonce, full_size, dataset_lookup):2 n = full_size / HASH_BYTES3 w = MIX_BYTES // WORD_BYTES4 mixhashes = MIX_BYTES / HASH_BYTES5 # combine header+nonce into a 64 byte seed6 s = sha3_512(header + nonce[::-1])7 # start the mix with replicated s8 mix = []9 for _ in range(MIX_BYTES / HASH_BYTES):10 mix.extend(s)11 # mix in random dataset nodes12 for i in range(ACCESSES):13 p = fnv(i ^ s[0], mix[i % w]) % (n // mixhashes) * mixhashes14 newdata = []15 for j in range(MIX_BYTES / HASH_BYTES):16 newdata.extend(dataset_lookup(p + j))17 mix = map(fnv, mix, newdata)18 # compress mix19 cmix = []20 for i in range(0, len(mix), 4):21 cmix.append(fnv(fnv(fnv(mix[i], mix[i+1]), mix[i+2]), mix[i+3]))22 return {23 "mix digest": serialize_hash(cmix),24 "result": serialize_hash(sha3_256(s+cmix))25 }2627def hashimoto_light(full_size, cache, header, nonce):28 return hashimoto(header, nonce, full_size, lambda x: calc_dataset_item(cache, x))2930def hashimoto_full(full_size, dataset, header, nonce):31 return hashimoto(header, nonce, full_size, lambda x: dataset[x])Tümünü gösterKopyala
Esasen, 128 bayt genişliğinde bir "karışım" sürdürüyoruz ve art arda tam veri kümesinden 128 bayt getiriyoruz ve onu karışımla birleştirmek için fnv
işlevini kullanıyoruz. 128 bayt sıralı erişim kullanılır, böylece algoritmanın her turu, her zaman RAM'den tam bir sayfa alır ve ASIC'lerin teorik olarak kaçınabileceği çeviriye bakılan arabellek kayıplarını en aza indirir.
Bu algoritmanın çıktısı istenen hedefin altındaysa nonce geçerlidir. Sondaki fazladan sha3_256
uygulamasının, en azından küçük bir miktar işin yapıldığını kanıtlamak için sağlanabilecek bir ara nonce'nin var olmasını sağladığına dikkat edin; bu hızlı dış iş kanıtı doğrulaması, DDoS karşıtı amaçlar için kullanılabilir. Ayrıca sonucun tarafsız, 256 bitlik bir sayı olduğuna dair istatistiksel güvence sağlamaya da hizmet eder.
Madencilik
Madencilik algoritması şu şekilde tanımlanır:
1def mine(full_size, dataset, header, difficulty):2 # zero-pad target to compare with hash on the same digit3 target = zpad(encode_int(2**256 // difficulty), 64)[::-1]4 from random import randint5 nonce = randint(0, 2**64)6 while hashimoto_full(full_size, dataset, header, nonce) > target:7 nonce = (nonce + 1) % 2**648 return nonceKopyala
Tohum karmasını tanımlama
Belirli bir bloğun üzerinde madencilik yapmak için kullanılacak tohum karmasını hesaplamak için aşağıdaki algoritmayı kullanırız:
1 def get_seedhash(block):2 s = '\x00' * 323 for i in range(block.number // EPOCH_LENGTH):4 s = serialize_hash(sha3_256(s))5 return sKopyala
Sorunsuz madencilik ve doğrulama için, gelecekteki tohum karmalarını ve veri kümelerini ayrı bir iş parçacığında önceden hesaplamanızı öneririz.
Daha fazla okuma
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Ek
Yukarıdaki python spesifikasyonunu kod olarak çalıştırmakla ilgileniyorsanız, aşağıdaki kod, başa eklenmelidir.
1import sha3, copy23# Assumes little endian bit ordering (same as Intel architectures)4def decode_int(s):5 return int(s[::-1].encode('hex'), 16) if s else 067def encode_int(s):8 a = "%x" % s9 return '' if s == 0 else ('0' * (len(a) % 2) + a).decode('hex')[::-1]1011def zpad(s, length):12 return s + '\x00' * max(0, length - len(s))1314def serialize_hash(h):15 return ''.join([zpad(encode_int(x), 4) for x in h])1617def deserialize_hash(h):18 return [decode_int(h[i:i+WORD_BYTES]) for i in range(0, len(h), WORD_BYTES)]1920def hash_words(h, sz, x):21 if isinstance(x, list):22 x = serialize_hash(x)23 y = h(x)24 return deserialize_hash(y)2526def serialize_cache(ds):27 return ''.join([serialize_hash(h) for h in ds])2829serialize_dataset = serialize_cache3031# sha3 hash function, outputs 64 bytes32def sha3_512(x):33 return hash_words(lambda v: sha3.sha3_512(v).digest(), 64, x)3435def sha3_256(x):36 return hash_words(lambda v: sha3.sha3_256(v).digest(), 32, x)3738def xor(a, b):39 return a ^ b4041def isprime(x):42 for i in range(2, int(x**0.5)):43 if x % i == 0:44 return False45 return TrueTümünü gösterKopyala
Veri boyutları
Aşağıdaki arama tabloları, yaklaşık 2048 veri ve önbellek boyutlu dönemleri sunar.
1def get_datasize(block_number):2 return data_sizes[block_number // EPOCH_LENGTH]34def get_cachesize(block_number):5 return cache_sizes[block_number // EPOCH_LENGTH]67data_sizes = [81073739904, 1082130304, 1090514816, 1098906752, 1107293056,91115684224, 1124070016, 1132461952, 1140849536, 1149232768,101157627776, 1166013824, 1174404736, 1182786944, 1191180416,111199568512, 1207958912, 1216345216, 1224732032, 1233124736,121241513344, 1249902464, 1258290304, 1266673792, 1275067264,131283453312, 1291844992, 1300234112, 1308619904, 1317010048,141325397376, 1333787776, 1342176128, 1350561664, 1358954368,151367339392, 1375731584, 1384118144, 1392507008, 1400897408,161409284736, 1417673344, 1426062464, 1434451072, 1442839168,171451229056, 1459615616, 1468006016, 1476394112, 1484782976,181493171584, 1501559168, 1509948032, 1518337664, 1526726528,191535114624, 1543503488, 1551892096, 1560278656, 1568669056,201577056384, 1585446272, 1593831296, 1602219392, 1610610304,211619000192, 1627386752, 1635773824, 1644164224, 1652555648,221660943488, 1669332608, 1677721216, 1686109312, 1694497664,231702886272, 1711274624, 1719661184, 1728047744, 1736434816,241744829056, 1753218944, 1761606272, 1769995904, 1778382464,251786772864, 1795157888, 1803550592, 1811937664, 1820327552,261828711552, 1837102976, 1845488768, 1853879936, 1862269312,271870656896, 1879048064, 1887431552, 1895825024, 1904212096,281912601216, 1920988544, 1929379456, 1937765504, 1946156672,291954543232, 1962932096, 1971321728, 1979707264, 1988093056,301996487552, 2004874624, 2013262208, 2021653888, 2030039936,312038430848, 2046819968, 2055208576, 2063596672, 2071981952,322080373632, 2088762752, 2097149056, 2105539712, 2113928576,332122315136, 2130700672, 2139092608, 2147483264, 2155872128,342164257664, 2172642176, 2181035392, 2189426048, 2197814912,352206203008, 2214587264, 2222979712, 2231367808, 2239758208,362248145024, 2256527744, 2264922752, 2273312128, 2281701248,372290086272, 2298476672, 2306867072, 2315251072, 2323639168,382332032128, 2340420224, 2348808064, 2357196416, 2365580416,392373966976, 2382363008, 2390748544, 2399139968, 2407530368,402415918976, 2424307328, 2432695424, 2441084288, 2449472384,412457861248, 2466247808, 2474637184, 2483026816, 2491414144,422499803776, 2508191872, 2516582272, 2524970368, 2533359232,432541743488, 2550134144, 2558525056, 2566913408, 2575301504,442583686528, 2592073856, 2600467328, 2608856192, 2617240448,452625631616, 2634022016, 2642407552, 2650796416, 2659188352,462667574912, 2675965312, 2684352896, 2692738688, 2701130624,472709518464, 2717907328, 2726293376, 2734685056, 2743073152,482751462016, 2759851648, 2768232832, 2776625536, 2785017728,492793401984, 2801794432, 2810182016, 2818571648, 2826959488,502835349376, 2843734144, 2852121472, 2860514432, 2868900992,512877286784, 2885676928, 2894069632, 2902451584, 2910843008,522919234688, 2927622784, 2936011648, 2944400768, 2952789376,532961177728, 2969565568, 2977951616, 2986338944, 2994731392,543003120256, 3011508352, 3019895936, 3028287104, 3036675968,553045063808, 3053452928, 3061837696, 3070228352, 3078615424,563087003776, 3095394944, 3103782272, 3112173184, 3120562048,573128944768, 3137339264, 3145725056, 3154109312, 3162505088,583170893184, 3179280256, 3187669376, 3196056704, 3204445568,593212836736, 3221224064, 3229612928, 3238002304, 3246391168,603254778496, 3263165824, 3271556224, 3279944576, 3288332416,613296719232, 3305110912, 3313500032, 3321887104, 3330273152,623338658944, 3347053184, 3355440512, 3363827072, 3372220288,633380608384, 3388997504, 3397384576, 3405774208, 3414163072,643422551936, 3430937984, 3439328384, 3447714176, 3456104576,653464493952, 3472883584, 3481268864, 3489655168, 3498048896,663506434432, 3514826368, 3523213952, 3531603584, 3539987072,673548380288, 3556763264, 3565157248, 3573545344, 3581934464,683590324096, 3598712704, 3607098752, 3615488384, 3623877248,693632265856, 3640646528, 3649043584, 3657430144, 3665821568,703674207872, 3682597504, 3690984832, 3699367808, 3707764352,713716152448, 3724541056, 3732925568, 3741318016, 3749706368,723758091136, 3766481536, 3774872704, 3783260032, 3791650432,733800036224, 3808427648, 3816815488, 3825204608, 3833592704,743841981568, 3850370432, 3858755968, 3867147904, 3875536256,753883920512, 3892313728, 3900702592, 3909087872, 3917478784,763925868416, 3934256512, 3942645376, 3951032192, 3959422336,773967809152, 3976200064, 3984588416, 3992974976, 4001363584,784009751168, 4018141312, 4026530432, 4034911616, 4043308928,794051695488, 4060084352, 4068472448, 4076862848, 4085249408,804093640576, 4102028416, 4110413696, 4118805632, 4127194496,814135583104, 4143971968, 4152360832, 4160746112, 4169135744,824177525888, 4185912704, 4194303616, 4202691968, 4211076736,834219463552, 4227855488, 4236246656, 4244633728, 4253022848,844261412224, 4269799808, 4278184832, 4286578048, 4294962304,854303349632, 4311743104, 4320130432, 4328521088, 4336909184,864345295488, 4353687424, 4362073472, 4370458496, 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280887104,741281018176, 281147968, 281278912, 281411392, 281542592, 281673152,742281803712, 281935552, 282066496, 282197312, 282329024, 282458816,743282590272, 282720832, 282853184, 282983744, 283115072, 283246144,744283377344, 283508416, 283639744, 283770304, 283901504, 284032576,745284163136, 284294848, 284426176, 284556992, 284687296, 284819264,746284950208, 285081536]Tümünü gösterKopyala